What is Achalasia Cardia?
Achalasia cardia, also known as achalasia, is a rare motility disorder that affects the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This condition occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a ring of muscle at the bottom of the esophagus, does not relax properly during swallowing.
Symptoms:
In achalasia cardia, the nerve cells in the esophageal wall are damaged, leading to a loss of coordination and muscle control. As a result, food and liquids have difficulty passing into the stomach, causing symptoms such as:
- Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing, especially with solid foods.
- Regurgitation: The return of swallowed food and liquids back up into the throat.
- Chest pain: A sensation of pressure or discomfort in the chest after eating.
- Weight loss: Due to the inability to consume enough calories.
Cause:
The exact cause of achalasia cardia is unknown, but it is believed to involve an immune-mediated response or genetic factors. It can occur at any age, but it is usually diagnosed in adulthood.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis of achalasia cardia typically includes a detailed medical history, physical examination, and various tests, such as:
- Barium swallow: A liquid contrast material is ingested, and X-rays are taken to observe the esophagus.
- Esophageal manometry: A thin tube with sensors is inserted through the nose or mouth into the esophagus to measure the functioning of the muscles.
- Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to visualize the inside of the esophagus.
Treatment:
Treatment options for achalasia cardia aim to relieve symptoms and improve esophageal function. They include:
- Medications: Certain medications, such as nitrates or calcium channel blockers, may help relax the LES and improve swallowing.
- Botulinum toxin injection: The injection of botulinum toxin into the LES can temporarily weaken the muscle and improve food passage.
- Balloon dilation: A procedure where a deflated balloon is placed into the LES and filled with air to stretch and widen the opening.
- Surgical intervention: In severe cases, surgical options like a Heller myotomy (cutting of the LES muscle) or esophageal reconstruction may be considered.
- Pneumatic dilation: Similar to balloon dilation, but it uses a balloon filled with air or water.
Achalasia cardia requires, proper treatment can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life for individuals with this condition.